Australian industrial relations and employment law reforms Assignment

Australian industrial relations and employment law reforms - Assignment Example State involvement in industrial relations actions is both interesting and questionable, especially where politics that come with it are put into consideration. This paper seeks to critically analyse the reforms in employment sector by pointing out various benefits and poor decisions that were made in Australia for the past two decades. 2.0 Industrial Relations and Employment Law Reforms The establishment of the commonwealth conciliation and arbitration commission was a major step towards bringing towards finding a peaceful resolution to industrial relations. It also did recognize trade unions and this was a major boost for collective bargaining. All the registered unions became part and parcel of institutional framework that was meant for the Australian industrial relations. ... In 2005, workplace choices was introduced and this market the start of the Australian workplace agreements (AWA) and this was followed by the drastic disbandment of unfair dismissal laws which was targeting the employers that have less than one hundred employees (Hyslop & Stillman, 2004, pp.2). The language of employment relations has also been adjusted to include certain terms like high involvement which do bring out the aspect of employee motivation to work. Such linguistic changes also do emphasise the critical needs for teamwork, multiskilling and general involvement of employees to ensure that high levels of performance in terms of productivity and quality standards are achieved. Generally, the feeling for employees in Australia has been the lack of inclusion or consultation when it comes to keys issues that have an impact on their work and life (Quiggan, 2005, pp.2-6). Reports of over-working, high stress levels and lack of job security seems to have been the main driving force in this approach. The national employment relations have really changed. During these changes, the industrial relations reform was a major issue on the agenda of various political parties and has continued to elicit much debate from the political seen. 3.0 Industrial relations reforms amid hidden political interests When the Australian labour part got elected in 2007, introduction of Fair Work Australia and WorkChoices came onto being. This two employment systems had a major impact on the workforce of Australia and changed the face of employment relations and how the citizens view it. They also marked the beginning of State participation in the industrial relations. The election of Liberal National Coalition party that

Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

Charles Dickens Essay Belle says: Our contract is an old one. It was made when we were both poor and content to be so Dickens shows that they were content when they were poor. You are changed. When it was made you were another man. Dickens shows that since Scrooge has got wealthy he has changed. Dickens uses Italics on are to show that Belle is very certain that Scrooge has changed. Belle continues saying that Scrooge has changed and also that he was different when he was poor. Dickens uses this to show Scrooge how he has changed and that he was different before. Belle also says: But if you were free today Can even I believe that you would choose a dowerless girl-you who in your very confidence with her, weigh everything by Gain Dickens uses this sentence to show that Scrooge would not be with Belle if she wasnt rich. Belle then says, A very, very brief time, and you will dismiss the recollection of it gladly, as an unprofitable dream This implies that because this event isnt profitable, Scrooge will forget about it quickly and From which it happened well that you awoke. Implies that he thinks it is good that he can forget about it leave it without any loss. The second incident involves 3 people trading Scrooges belongings after he is dead in the 4 stave. Firstly Dickens describes the narrow, haunted streets that the ghost takes Scrooge by using adjectives such as, Naked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. Dickens uses many adjectives at a time throughout this book to help better describe the scene. He is persuading the reader that where the ghost and Scrooge are visiting isnt pleasant. Dickens describes the shop as, Den of, infamous resort, there was a lowbrowed, beetling shop below a penthouse roof, where iron, old rags, bottles, bones, and greasy offal were bought. Objects in which we would not really want to purchase and these objects imply hideousness into the scene. Dickens keeps the reader guessing because the conversation the three people are having starts off by not telling too much information and shows that this affair is frequent in occurrence. The woman gives a clue to the reader by saying, Thats enough. Whos the worse for the loss of a few things like these? Not a dead man, I suppose? Immediately the reader figures out that these people are talking about a dead man. The woman describes the dead man as a Wicked old screw. The reader gets a little bit more information on who the dead man is and dickens uses these techniques to keep the reader guessing. The people are sarcastic and cold; these features make the reader despise these people. The woman says something that provokes scrooge into thinking that they could be talking about him, This is the end of it, you see! He frightened everyone away from him when he was alive, to profit us when he was dead! There is irony here because it shows all the money Scrooge greedily gathered was of no purpose or use because he is dead. Scrooge starts to realize that they could be talking about him. My third incident is where the ghost takes Scrooge to the graveyard and shown his own tombstone, this incident is also in the fourth stave. Dickens starts describing the graveyard by calling it A worthy place which is ironic because this graveyard is not looked after and is a place where people are buried and then forgotten. Dickens carries on describing it: Walled in by houses; choked up with too much burying; fat with repleted appetite. A worthy place. Again Dickens describes it as A worthy place and describing the graveyard as an unvisited place. Dickens shows that Scrooge wasnt looked after well and just forgotten after he died. Dickens starts to create tension: Scrooge crept towards it, trembling The reader is caught up in the tension reading on to find out whos name is on the tombstone. Dickens still describes everything: Neglected grave Suddenly Scrooge realizes everything and is showing despair: Am I that man who lay upon the bed? he cried upon his knees. He is desperate and shocks the ghost: Tight clutching at its robe Scrooge begins to show signs of change and declares: I will honour Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future. Dickens uses language brilliantly by Scrooge saying that he Will honour and also that he Will live He is making a strong statement that he will change. In a desperate plea he asks the Ghost, Oh, tell me I may sponge away the writing on this stone! Dickens still is creating tension and is further showing Scrooges anxiety: In his agony Dickens creates a tension cliffhanger and leaves the reader guessing and wondering, has Scrooge been saved? In my conclusion this novel is a masterpiece in which Charles Dickens creates a simple story that is easy to understand and follow. Dickens uses many adjectives in one go to best describe an object. He creates a great amount of tension in this book and manages to keep the story warm and exciting. His clever use of language ensures the reader is always kept guessing but interested.

Essay --

Favorite Writer Soujanya Mulastam R.K.Naryana was considered as a "Trio of Indo Anglian Novels" R.K.Narayana was a famous Indian Writer born in Chennai on October 10 1906. His novels attracted all the people and among them â€Å"Malgudi Days† brought him big fame. His father was a school Head Master in Government Educational Service in Chennai. Narayan completed his education in chennai and Mysore. He was very studious and had a habit of learning English Literature, he was a good reader and his literature included the famous one like Dickens, Wodehouse, Arthur conan Doyle. R.K Narayan wrote many stories and in total he wrote 64 and published them. He was a great human and his stories included good Humor and roles related to the Ordinary People. He was born and brought up in Chennai at his Grand Mothers place. He completed his 8 years of Schooling at Lutheran Mission School in Madras at her Grand Mothers Place and moved to Mysore to complete his remaining High School Education. He used to visit his parents and Siblings in holidays to spend some time with them. He completed his graduation from â€Å"University of Mysore.† After his completion of Education, he started his carrier as a writer at Madras Paper and later on decided to write his first story called â€Å"Swamy and Friends† in 1935. He married other caste girl Rajam in 1935 and broke his family Tradition. In person he was very good human, his wife died in year 1939 after giving birth to girl called Hema, Narayan was very dedicated to his wife and decided not to marry after the death of his wife. In the beginning his stories were rejected and not allowed for the publication, even though he never disappointed and finally released his first book in year 1935 called â€Å"Swamy and Frien... ...ndia accessible to the outside world using his literature. He grabbed the attention of common people in his stories. He was considered as one of the best Novelist in India. He brought the characters of normal people into his stories and this made the story fictional, his characters resembles Mahatma, Sadhu and Sanyasi. His novels in his stories are like the characters related to next door neighbors. Many Novels are Considered River Novels and many of novels interlinked with Malgudi Days. References: 1.) http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/rk-narayan.html 2.) http://bestindianwriters.blogspot.com/2010/10/rk-narayanan-history.html 3.) http://www.infoplease.com/ipea/A0900620.html 4.) http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/rk-narayan 5.) http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/14/books/r-k-narayan-india-s-prolific-storyteller-dies-at-94.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay -- Reverse Discrimination

Affirmative Action   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, people have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and continues to play a vital and important role in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since it's conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more harmful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had not been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment rate would be much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like any program, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look one's credentials and hires people solely on the color of their skin. It can not be denied however, that Affirmative Action has aided in the struggle to bring about the social inclusion of minorities in the work place and schools. When society begins to misuse the Affirmative Action programs and begins using it as a form of reverse discrimination, then it becomes hard for sates to continue implementing it . These programs where not intended to take job opportunities away from qualified white applicants. If anything, Affirmative Action was meant to be administered by way of the least intrusive means. This program was created to allow minorities to have the same chance to excel in the workforce that the average Caucasian has. I have to admit, I am a strong supporter of Affirmative Action and equ...

10 Ways to Reduce Your Environmental Footprint Essay

10 ways to reduce your environmental footprint and improve profitability. Posted by Sam Kopytowski [->0]at 7:08 AM[->1] on July 7, 2010 Many companies talk about reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but too often there’s a large gap between words and action. Most companies seem to be holding off on taking any real steps to reduce their environmental footprint because they believe the investment cost is too high. See more: Examples of satire in adventures of huckfinn essay Leading companies, on the other hand, are way ahead of the curve. They know that being proactive on the environment provides risk mitigation benefits. Why? Because they see that government legislation may soon be brought in to regulate CO2 emissions. They understand that external shocks such as wars, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and pandemic outbreaks can have enormous impacts on supply chains and energy supply. They recognize that oil prices can only move upward. They believe that good corporate citizenship attracts investors and employees. And they see environment sensitivity as a way to differentiate themselves. GHG emission reductions must be tackled the same way you achieve safety in the workplace. You need to implement a strategic plan and stick to it. Greening a company requires commitment and support from the leadership team. Businesses need champions to lead their environmental initiatives†¦ and logisticians may be the best people for the job. Not only are they involved in sourcing, but they make the critical transportation decisions that will contribute to the greening of the company. Here are just some of the considerations they have to weigh: 1) Sourcing well – preferably as close as possible to the customer. We consistently examine the trade-off between cost of goods and transportation. However minimizing long-term costs may require us to consider other factors. What about flexibility – the ability to react quickly to market changes? What about consumer preferences? Ultimately if off-shore sourcing is the best option, the most energy-efficient transportation will be necessary. That might mean ocean freight rather than air freight – and this will require a thorough understanding of lead time. 2) Making domestic transportation decisions with a clear understanding of the benefits of rail versus truck, and what intermodal shipping makes most sense for the company. And, once again, this means understanding lead time and communicating time constraints to the customer. 3) Finding environmental programs like Fleet Smart/Smartway which certify leading edge trucking companies. Leading shippers are now incorporating this requirement into the Request for Proposals. 4) Sourcing energy-efficient equipment and a transportation management system that will optimize fleet routing and scheduling. Driver training will also have a huge impact in reducing GHG emissions. According to Claude Robert of Robert Transport, there’s a 35% reduction in the fuel consumption by the best drivers, compared to the worst. 5) Eliminating idling trucks at the shipping dock. Monitoring of idling engines can be done while checking that the wheels are chocked. 6) Using electric forklifts to load vehicles rather than propane or diesel. 7) Taking advantage of collaborative transportation. As discussed in this column last year, cooperation with other companies, even competing ones, needs to gain greater acceptance as a means to cut costs. It benefits everyone. 8) Converting large trucks to natural gas. Yes, capital costs are higher but, in the long run, there are tremendous fuel savings to be enjoyed while reducing harmful emissions. 9) Reducing packaging wherever possible. You’ll increase the density of your shipments, put more product on the vehicle, and reduce freight rates. 10) Reducing paper flow. Embrace the electronic transfer of information. It reduces costs both in supplies and labour. These are just a few ways that logisticians can green the supply chain. Most important is to take a baseline of where you are today and track your progress. I’m sure you’ll find that environmentally friendly business practices definitely improve profitability. Remember, as PricewaterhouseCoopers points out in its Transportation & Logistics, 2030 study, â€Å"He who focuses on carbon footprinting is stepping on the right foot.† Source: http://wwwxcdlogistics.blogspot.com/2010/07/10-ways-to-reduce-your-environmental.html [->0] – http://www.blogger.com/profile/08905558298613954753 [->1] – http://wwwxcdlogistics.blogspot.com/2010/07/10-ways-to-reduce-your-environmental.html

Gustar Rules in Spanish Inconsistently Applied

Gustar Rules in Spanish Inconsistently Applied Not all the rules of Spanish are straightforward or logical, and when it comes to the use of number-verb agreement with gustar, the rules arent always followed. More generally, the rules of number agreement are applied inconsistently when more than one subject follows the main verb of a sentence. Logic Applies Both Ways For a simple example of a sentence where this issue comes up, look at this sentence with two singular subjects: Me gusta la hamburguesa y el queso. (I like hamburger and cheese.) Or should it be this?: Me gustan la hamburguesa y el queso. You could defend either choice in a sentence like that. Using gustan would certainly seem logical, and it is indeed said that way sometimes. But it is far more common to use the singular, gusta. Its kind of like shortening me gusta la hamburguesa y me gusta el queso by leaving out the second me gusta, just as in English we might shorten the happy children and happy adults to the happy children and adults. Why say me gusta twice if once gets the message across? The Academy Explains According to the Royal Spanish Academy, the singular verb should be used in a sentence like this when the two things youre talking about are uncountable or abstract and they follow the verb (as is usually the case with gustar). Heres an example the Academy gives: Me gusta el mambo y el merengue. Note how the two subjects are uncountable (they are both types of music or dance). Here are some other sentences that follow this pattern: Es una red social de gente que le gusta el deporte y el ejercicio. (Its a social network of people who like sports and exercise.)Me encanta el manga y el anime. (I love manga and anime.)Me gusta la mà ºsica y bailar. (I like music and dancing.)Al presidente le falta el coraje y la voluntad polà ­tica para resolver los problemas de nuestro paà ­s. (The president lacks the courage and political will to resolve the problems of our country.)Si te gusta el cine y la tele, querrs pasar tiempo en California. (If you like movies and TV, you will want to spend time in California.) But the Academy would pluralize the verb if the objects are countable. One of the Academys examples:  En el patio  crecà ­an  un magnolio y una azalea. A magnolia and an azalea grew in the courtyard. Other examples of the Academys preference: A ella le encantan la casa y el parque. (She loves the house and the park.)Nos bastan el ratà ³n y el teclado. (The mouse and the keyboard were enough for us.)Me gustan ese camisa y ese bolso. (I like that shirt and that purse.) In real life, however, the singular verb (when it precedes two subjects) is used much more often than the Academy would suggest. In everyday speech, even when verbs such as gustar have two countable subjects, the singular verb is usually used. In the following examples, both sentences might be said by native speakers, but the first is more commonly heard even though the second one is grammatically preferable to the Academy: Me duele la cabeza y el està ³mago. Me duelen la cabeza y el està ³mago. (I have a headache and stomachache.)Me gusta mi cama y mi almohada. Me gustan mi cama y mi almohada. (I like my bed and my pillow.)A Raà ºl le gustaba el taco y el helado. A Raà ºl le gustaban el taco y el helado. (Raà ºl liked the taco and the ice cream.) As to the original example, if by hamburguesa the speaker means ground beef, both of the subjects would be uncountable and the Academy would prefer use of the singular verb, gusta. If the speaker referring to a type of sandwich, or a specific sandwich, which is countable, the Academy would prefer use the plural, gustan. In real life, however, youre likely to not get flak regardless of which version you use. Key Takeaways When gustar is preceded two or more singular subjects, native Spanish speakers frequently use the singular form of the verb.The Royal Spanish Academy approves use of the singular verb form when the subjects are abstract or uncountable.Other verbs such as doler and encantar can be used in the same way as gustar.

How to Fail a College Class

How to Fail a College Class For most college students, college life involves all kinds of things outside of the classroom: cocurricular involvement, the social scene, working, family obligations, and maybe even dating. With everything else thats going on, it can be easy to forget just how easy it is to fail a college class. And while failing a class is obviously less than ideal, it can also happen easier and faster than you might think. Make sure to avoid these common pitfalls. Dont Go to Class Regularly Attending class regularly is pretty darned important in college. Do they take attendance? Not really. Does that mean showing up every day isnt important? No way. Your professor doesnt take attendance because he or she is treating you like an adult and because he or she knows that those who pass show up on a regular basis. Theres likely a high correlation between an unofficial attendance list and a list of those who pass. Dont Do the Reading It can be easy to skip the reading if you think that the professor covers most of the material during lecture or if you think that, because the professor doesnt cover most of the material during lecture, you dont need to know it. The professor, however, has assigned the reading for a reason. Do you have to do all of it? Probably not. Do you have to do most of it? Ideally. Do you have to do enough of it? Definitely. Wait Until the Last Minute Nothing screams Im-not-going-to-pass-this-class like turning your paper in 30 seconds before its due. And while some students thrive on doing things at the last minute, most students dont do their best work under pressure. Life also gets in the way sometimes, so even if you have the best of intentions about doing things late, illness, personal issues, family emergencies, or other situations can sabotage your chances at success. Never Go to Office Hours Your professors have office hours each and every week. Why? Because they know that learning for a class happens more than just the three times a week everyone is in the same lecture hall together. Never meeting your professor in person, never engaging with them during office hours, and never utilizing all that they have to teach and offer you is a sad loss for you and them. Assume You Deserve a Grade You might think you know the material and have a good understanding of whats being covered, so you deserve to pass. Wrong! College grades are earned. If you dont show up, dont make an effort, dont do well, and dont otherwise engage, you dont earn a passing grade. Period. Never Ask for Feedback on Your Work Can you not talk to your professor, not really go to class, and just email in your assignments? Yes. Is that a smart way to try to pass a class? No. Going through the motions doesnt mean youll avoid failing. Get feedback on what youre learning and on whats being covered by talking with other students, talking with the professor, and asking for help (from a tutor, mentor, or academic support center) if needed. A class is a community, after all, and working on your own prevents you from really learning. Focus Exclusively on Your Grade Theres more than one way to fail a class. Even if you squeak by with a barely passing grade, does that really count as success? What did you learn? What did you gain? What kinds of things might you have failed at even if you earned your required credits? College is a learning experience, after all, and while grades are important, succeeding at your college life takes more than the bare minimum.

A Day as a Priest Essay Example

A Day as a Priest Essay Example A Day as a Priest Essay A Day as a Priest Essay My interview was with Reverend Andrew Booms who has been appointed by the Bishop of Saginaw to serve as the permanent priest for St. Michael Church in Port Austin. I decided to ask him questions about how he became a priest. There are many details I can learn from a priest. I never knew priests have so much to do from visiting the sick, to celebrating mass. There are three main issues I would like to discuss with Father Andy: his childhood, his career, and his typical day of work. When Andrew Booms was very young, he wanted to become a doctor, having a amily and living in the suburbs. As he grew older he wanted to make a difference in the world. While attending Port Hope High School, Father Andy was not a popular young man and did not possess much athletic talent. As a young boy growing up he wanted to live life to the fullest. He did not know one day he would be a pastor. He also didnt know that he would be pastor in his hometown. While interviewing Father Andy, I noticed we have a lot in common. We both want to make a difference in the world. I believe he was chosen by God to speak to the younger generation to tell them heir future is full of brightness. At age of 24 Andrew Booms entered the seminary and attend St. John Vianney Seminary in Minneapolis. Attending St. John Seminary he told me while studying Mother Teresa appeared to him and became his spiritual leader. During my time interviewing Father Andy, I noticed while we were talking he kept saying that when it comes to a career God already has a plan for all of us. According to Father Andy there is a shortage of priests, but there is no shortage of work. Our diocese is undergoing a lanning process to meet both the needs of the community and the limits or demands on priests and deacons. He has planned many trips, like visiting Sacred Heart Seminary in Detroit. I have noticed that this is a man who is strong, and who has a strong belief in Jesus Christ. When I first asked Father Andy about his typical work day, he told me that the great part of his Job us there is no typical work day, but however there are degrees of normal. A normal day would begin with time of prayer, than mass at the parish. After ass he goes into the office, and meets with the secretary and bookkeeper and by noon he is out for lunch and home visits or meetings. After a long day of work he still finds time for exercising, cleaning and then preparing for dinner. Most nights he has an appointment or meeting, but he spends an hour reading and planning for the next day and usually closes the day with an hour or so of TV. After hearing him tell me about his typical work day I was shocked that he does all this plus more. Priests are always on call and they usually get about 5 to 7 hours of sleep a night. Finally we must come to know that everyone is not perfect. After learning that Father Andy had a dream when he was younger and wanted a family I can see truly that he had a future. During his time as a pastor the bishop has the power to assign a priest to a parish. According to Bishop Cistone (Bishop of Saginaw) a priest can be assigned to a parish for 6-12 years between movies, but the Bishop may request an earlier move if the priest is needed elsewhere. A priest does not always serve in a particular town or parish. A day as a priest By dJbellville

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example But who is she hanging out with And who is lurking online in the shadows of MySpace leering at the profiles of these vulnerable tweens While some have hailed MySpace as the greatest social experiment of the century, others have called it a Sears and Roebuck catalogue for pedophiles. Are these children age 8-13 years old safe on MySpace Or are websites like MySpace potentially dangerous for the pre-teen crowd The rising popularity of MySpace has made this a timely and important question. Parents struggle to keep up with their Internet savvy kids who are always one step ahead. Security blocks and parental controls may be subverted when parents can't maintain a 24/7 vigil on their 10-year-old. Reports have begun to proliferate as predators find ways into the MySpace domain and use it as their personal hunting ground. Still, MySpace contends that it has taken steps to curtail the dangers and has committed to making it a safe meeting place for all ages. The public and parents need to be certain that the realm of online social networking is indeed safe for children. This paper will attempt to answer three main questions. First, the paper will try to determine if a 13-year-old girl can sign up on MySpace and create the profile of an 18-year-old girl. This will determine if an unsupervised 13-year-old girl is safe in this environment. Second, it will try to establish whether a 35 year old male can register and create a profile of a 15 year old girl. This will determine whether any underage girl on MySpace is out of reach of predators. Third, the paper will consider whether the amount of information contained in the typical underage profile is useful to predators. This will examine the ways in which a pedophile might exploit what appears to be innocent information. The research will be conducted by gathering information from credible experts on the topic of teenage digital networks. It will look at the statistics they present and the unique point of view that they offer. It will draw on personal experiences of those that have been members of MySpace. There will be no actual attempt made to register with MySpace under false pretenses just to prove it can be done. Rather, the paper will interview a computer security expert to gain insight into what flaws there may be in MySpace's registration and profile process. Bibliography Carlotti, Richard. Personal Interview. 21 Feb. 2007. Carlotti is a computer securities expert with a pharmaceutical chain. He has analyzed the MySpace registration process. He contends that to provide adequate security, the site would be unusable except by professionals. He said, "If it is designed to be used by teen-agers, the security needs to be geared toward them. Which means any one with a 13 year old mind can subvert the system". He further stated that there is no practical way to do age checking on the Internet and there is nothing available in the near future. He said identity verification on the Internet "could only be accomplished with expensive biometric techniques such as fingerprint readers or retina scans. These are the kinds of things the Defense Department uses, but not MySpace". Carlotti contended that the present registration method at MySpace is the honor system. It takes what you give it. He said that the limitation of contacting children under 18 merely requires a name and

Jihad in Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Jihad in Islam - Essay Example In any case, as various studies show, the interpretation of jihad as a call to use violence against all non-Muslims is unfounded (Ali & Rehman 2005). The fact is that the main source of this concept is the Qur’an. In turn, the study of the Qur’an makes it possible to understand that Islam focuses primarily on the spiritual struggle with one’s own passions and vices, while physical violence is seen as an extreme measure, which may be applied only in exceptional cases. In addition, despite the conventional wisdom, Islam can be seen as a much more peaceful religion compared for example with Christianity since Christianity demonstrates very careful attention to the concept of a just war and offers a much clearer conception of it than Islam. This paper analyzes the concept of jihad and provides its comparative analysis with the concept of holy war presented in Christianity. As noted above, a number of theologians, including Muslim ones, insist that jihad involves aggressive and violent methods of struggle for the Islamic faith. In particular, Professor Roda Mushkat (cited in Ali & Rehman 2005) insists on the idea that Islamic law enjoins Moslems to maintain a State of permanent belligerence with all non-believers, collectively encompassed in the dar al-harb, the domain of war. The Muslims are, therefore, under a legal obligation to reduce non-Muslim communities to Islamic rule in order to achieve Islam’s ultimate objective, namely the enforcement of God’s law (the Sharia) over the entire world. The instrument by which the Islamic state is to carry out that objective is called the jihad (popularly known as the ‘holy war’) and is always just, if waged against the infidels and the enemies of the faith. In turn, according to other contemporary Muslim theologians, who refer to the views of their predecessors, there are several types of jihad. In particular, it is believed that the Qur’an presents the

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Modern Age Europe 1348-1789 - Essay Example For a long time Europe was under the power of monarchs and popes creating a great controversy between the church and the state as to who should hold absolute power. The period between 1350 and 1550 in Europe was also characterized by increased trade among nations, conquest and colonization of states such as Africa and Asia. It was also a period when slave trade was thriving due to labor requirements in plantations, mines, and at homes of the noble citizens. The discovery of the Americas by Columbus also played a great part in the changes that took place thereafter. The aim of this paper is to discuss the political, religious, social and cultural changes that took place in Europe between 1350 and 1550. The paper will thus be divided into four sections. First it will discuss the political changes. Secondly, the religious changes. Thirdly, the social changes will be discussed and lastly, the cultural changes. Political Changes There are various political changes that occurred in Europe from 1350 to 1550. These were necessitated by the various events that occurred during this time such as the bubonic plague, the hundred years war and the rise of national sentiment, the late medieval church the great schism, the renaissance, the reformation age, and the religious wars. ... The noble landowners were the most powerful people but the plague deprived them of their power since it rendered agricultural products undesirable and wages were high thus loss of revenues which was the source of power. The church also lost some political power as it depended on land for revenue. On the other hand, the political power of the artisans increased as their items of trade such as jewelry was on high demand. Due to loss of revenue from agricultural produce the government had no option than to apply restrictive legislations and impose taxes on peasants so as to get revenue. As a result there were increased peasant uprisings which were detrimental to the growth of the economy. Another political change in Europe was the increasing nationalism especially in France as a result of the 100 years of war in Europe. The war took place between May 1337 and October 1453 with the defeat of England by France. Before the war, there was a lot of disunity in France which the Estate General took advantage of to usurp the power of the royals. However, efforts by Joan of Arc to unite the country led to nationalistic feelings in France and desire to have a national identity. This led to a political shift whereby France adopted a centralized form of government as opposed to feudal monarchy. Nationalism also led France to dishonor the Treaty of Troyes which had led to disinheritance of the French king by the English king. France was thus able to elect its own king and gain political power. Another crucial outcome of the war was the end of King Edward’s vassalage to the king of France thus acquiring sovereignty over English territories in France although by the end of the war, England had control of only one French territory

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final Exam - Essay Example Through examining an understanding these externalities, the reader can come to a more warmed understanding with respect to the ways in which it integrates with the needs of the respective stakeholders in question. Firstly, in seeking to understand the means through which organizational design. Impact upon the stakeholders, it is necessary to consider scientific management and the means through which this theory represents both positive and negative externalities (Knox & Walsh, 2005). Firstly, even though scientific management has been widely criticized by those seeking to understand different approaches to organizational design and theory within the past several decades, it nonetheless bears useful levels of understanding with respect to the way in which stakeholders can integrate with one another and maximize the level of efficiency that they ultimately are responsible for providing to the firm. As such, scientific management is oftentimes been defined as the following, the provisio n of a direct incentive system, a scientific training of workers, the creation of science or individual responsibilities, the division of work duties between managers and workers, and ensure that work is done in a timely and efficient manner (Perrow, 1979). However, even though each of these determinants is useful in helping to maximize efficiency of the given entity/firm, it is ultimately impossible to engage the personal realities of the individual stakeholders based upon these previously mentioned determinants. In short, even though the scientific approach is effective in helping to promote an integrated understanding of the way in which work should be delineated between stakeholders of the organization, it is so completely incapable of dealing with the dynamics of interpersonal communication, diversity, and a litany of other factors that it is widely discredited and unable to speak to all of the needs of a given organization. Further compounding the level of quantitative analysi s and the overall paucity of qualitative measurement, Taylor’s theory of scientific management is focused upon maximization of output while diminishing the overall quantity of input. Naturally, this is oftentimes done as a means of affecting a positive level of profitability within the firm/entity. However, such an approach does not factor in the way in which any type of employee need it might be represented that would require an alternate approach be engaged * Breton & Wintrobe, 1986). As can quickly be realized from a brief analysis of industry within the past, scientific management has been utilized as a means of taking advantage of workers, providing horrific working conditions, and losing sight of the fact that a given firm or business entity is ultimately responsible for ethical standards in the treatment of its employees and its consumers. As such, the reforms of the progressive era further underscore the fact that even though scientific management, and the approaches that engages, can be useful in certain situations, following this wholeheartedly and applying it strictly throughout the entire business environment is ultimately harmful to the level of growth, profitability, and success that a given firm might hope to exhibit. Similarly, even though the issues that have thus far been elaborated upon with regards to scientific manage

Typology, Diagram and Transformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Typology, Diagram and Transformation - Essay Example Without discussing typography, the basic element of architecture, and the basis, in his opinion, of all building, then the exclusion of this topic causes all other discussions to be impossible or implausible. But typology is a fairly new notion and has not been introduced into past discussions of architecture. It has existed as an ill-defined concept, but not as the essential building block of architectural theory. The transformation of port cities in Europe began as soon as they were erected but increased in recent decades as factors such as population increases/decreases, economic events, security events and others have played a role. The transformations of London's port and Rotterdam's port, and the big differences between both, will be discussed. Also a consideration in those transformations is the diagram, the blueprint, the architect and his imprint upon that city. City councils and planning committees can propose many changes to a city, but without the ingenuity and vision of the architect, only the same type of building will be developed that they were all familiar with, often bringing the same problems, such as its dimension, usefulness or cost. Sometimes the diagram of the building will become a microcosm for a diagram of the city itself. A definition: a study of types of elements that cannot be further reduced (Rossi), which include the elements of a building or the elements of a city, depending on the scope of the discussion; a constant; a necessity for describing form and function. Quatremere de Quincy defined the typological category between 1825 and 1832 in the Encyclopdie mthodique and the Dictionnaire historique. In the historical dictionary, type provides a regulative principle governing the formal and practical aspects of architecture, to wit: "The word type represents not so much the image of a thing to be copied as the idea of an element that must itself serve as a rule for the model. The model, understood in terms of the practical execution of art, is an object that must be repeated such as it is; type, on the contrary, is an object according to which one can conceive of works that do not resemble one another at all. Everything is precise and given in the model; everything is more or less vague in the type." Typology is, for Quatremere, "the antithesis of the repeatable object." The demands of a typological "norm" regulate architecture to achieve concrete forms and specific buildings with design decisions that articulate the model. It was Aldo Rossi who helped make topological theory a reality in his published essays, "The Architecture of a City", written in 1966 (D. Sherer 1966). Rossi incorporated all his thoughts about typology into his designs. But it was in the Baroque age that Borromini brought typology to play when he constructed the Palazzo Carpegna (ca. 1640) and harmonized the geometry of the form with the demands of the site. He also organized the "axiality of his palace around an ellipse which suddenly erupts within its central core" (D. Sherer 1966).

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final Exam - Essay Example Through examining an understanding these externalities, the reader can come to a more warmed understanding with respect to the ways in which it integrates with the needs of the respective stakeholders in question. Firstly, in seeking to understand the means through which organizational design. Impact upon the stakeholders, it is necessary to consider scientific management and the means through which this theory represents both positive and negative externalities (Knox & Walsh, 2005). Firstly, even though scientific management has been widely criticized by those seeking to understand different approaches to organizational design and theory within the past several decades, it nonetheless bears useful levels of understanding with respect to the way in which stakeholders can integrate with one another and maximize the level of efficiency that they ultimately are responsible for providing to the firm. As such, scientific management is oftentimes been defined as the following, the provisio n of a direct incentive system, a scientific training of workers, the creation of science or individual responsibilities, the division of work duties between managers and workers, and ensure that work is done in a timely and efficient manner (Perrow, 1979). However, even though each of these determinants is useful in helping to maximize efficiency of the given entity/firm, it is ultimately impossible to engage the personal realities of the individual stakeholders based upon these previously mentioned determinants. In short, even though the scientific approach is effective in helping to promote an integrated understanding of the way in which work should be delineated between stakeholders of the organization, it is so completely incapable of dealing with the dynamics of interpersonal communication, diversity, and a litany of other factors that it is widely discredited and unable to speak to all of the needs of a given organization. Further compounding the level of quantitative analysi s and the overall paucity of qualitative measurement, Taylor’s theory of scientific management is focused upon maximization of output while diminishing the overall quantity of input. Naturally, this is oftentimes done as a means of affecting a positive level of profitability within the firm/entity. However, such an approach does not factor in the way in which any type of employee need it might be represented that would require an alternate approach be engaged * Breton & Wintrobe, 1986). As can quickly be realized from a brief analysis of industry within the past, scientific management has been utilized as a means of taking advantage of workers, providing horrific working conditions, and losing sight of the fact that a given firm or business entity is ultimately responsible for ethical standards in the treatment of its employees and its consumers. As such, the reforms of the progressive era further underscore the fact that even though scientific management, and the approaches that engages, can be useful in certain situations, following this wholeheartedly and applying it strictly throughout the entire business environment is ultimately harmful to the level of growth, profitability, and success that a given firm might hope to exhibit. Similarly, even though the issues that have thus far been elaborated upon with regards to scientific manage

Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structures - Essay Example The bridge was built to a scale of 1 to 40 with total clearance span of 500mm, utilizing craft sticks and PVA glue. After building of the bridge, it was tested to eliminate fatigue failure via application of the mid span within a laboratory setting. Moreover, the collapse is the position at which the underlying structure cannot support further escalation of load or a deflection beyond 30mm. The prevailing truss bridge passes the failure test. Moreover, the greatest load of 3.5kN was the second load applied to any bridge test, which excessively exceeds the needed load of 98N by the corresponding factor of 36. The prevailing weight ratio of 11.7 was compared satisfactorily with the existing supplementary bridges tested to enable successful design. Nevertheless, the graph of the load against deflection was not ideal thus depicting defects within the construction as depicted by the failure of the bridge. Advanced bridge possess relatively greater links amidst the prevailing craft sticks by utilizing sturdier clamps thus will improved the bridge by offering greater quality links amidst the underlying middle trusses and the corresponding bottom beams to avert it from slipping out. Bridges are observable accomplishments of engineering presently. Originally, the bridges composed of relatively simpler structures purely made from easily reachable natural resources. The natural resources entail timber, stone and dirt, which were operational though they had shorter life span thus resulting to weak structural bridges. Conversely, modern designs for trusses possess greater spaces to be spanned. A truss design is normally favorable to numerous engineers in modern world, since they are affordable and have high structural integrity. Comprehending structural behavior of any bridge is a significant aspect of engineering. This is because it aids in comprehension of the concepts of load transfer via the structure by tension and compression and corresponding equilibrium

International Management Essay Example for Free

International Management Essay Problem Statement Jabwood International is contemplating international expansion into new markets specifically, Saudi Arabia and China to compensate for a decline in revenues. Problem Causes The Middle Eastern situation, specifically the uprising in Syria. The borders between Lebanon and Syria being closed causing the company’s main wood supplier TANITA to expand to other timber companies. Jabwood’s market share and sales volume had a drop of 20 %. Jabwood does not have any business in Saudi Arabia which has the Biggest Market in the Middle East for wood products. Jabwood does not have any business in China which the potential for wood products have increased every year due to the population. The company depends on one major Supplier, which constituted 60 to 70 percent of its revenue source. Managers are under tremendous Pressure to meet sales quotas and avoid any conflict with TANITA because it generates most of Jabwoods revenue. Jabwood has no succession plan incorporated and discussion for it is considered Taboo. Finally managerial positions were only extended to family members only, which shows favoritism to those individuals and no advancement or promotion to other employees. Possible Alternatives Jabwood needs to incorporate a succession plan as well as extend managerial positions to non-family members, doing so will reinvigorate the employees and change their views on the company. Jabwood has two difficult decisions whether to expand to a place they know Saudi- Arabia or to China which they have no Knowledge in. Saudi-Arabia Expansion Jabwood operated in Saudi Arabia before and had established operations with one of the Jabado brothers Adnan During the time they had business in the country. Saudi- Arabia generated half of Jabwood international sales. Jabwoods market share dropped once they withdrew from Saudi-Arabia. Expansion with Saudi- Arabia does have its pros and cons. Pros First year sales are 10% of the target market. Sales growth is estimated at 100 % in two years. There are no restrictions on mobility of funds. Capital can be 100% foreign. Processed wood products are exempted from import taxes. Government Stability is at 61 which means it is not likely for the country to go unstable. Saudi- Arabia is in the Middle East and it also an Islamic country which Jabwood international is familiar with that market. Cons Tariffs on lumber are 12%. 28 million population does not compare to the 13 population in China and the citizens who need homes there. 0% forest areas 1 million CBM to import wood. 82 % of the country are urban areas meaning less places required for wood construction. $686.00 to import per container. Sawn timber is not needed. China Expansion China is a huge market for wood products, Demand for wood is through the roof. The Chinese wood industry has been Prospering since 2010. They have become the biggest producer and exporter of WBP and plywood in the world, they are the second biggest importer of wood products in the world. Pros A new regulation in Shanghai allows the replacement of sloppy rooftops to be replaced with sawn timber, this would be a huge market for Jabwood International. Tariffs on lumber are low. Only 150 million CBM is produced locally. The 13 billion population alone makes the demand at an astounding number for wood. Rural areas are at a higher percentage, meaning more room for building houses. Cost of imports are at a less cost than in Saudi-Arabia. Sawn timber is needed. Cons First years sales are at 2% of the target market. Sales growth estimates are at 0% by the second year. China law does not guarantee re-transfer of capital, annual transfer of dividends, and transfer of capital in cases of termination. No exclusivity to sell TANITA products in China. Establishing a representative office in a foreign country in $60,000. The Chinese wood market is known to have stringent requirements with regard to wood sizes and quality. The Communist laws in China might lead to issues in business practices. Staff must know Chinese regulations and speak Chinese to have an easier time trying to cope with the strict business administrative procedures. Chinese people are afraid that houses made of wood are prone to natural disasters. Decision Jabwood International should make the decision to re-establish its connections in Saudi-Arabia and began working there immediately. Justification Even though the Market in China is more in demand since there are 13 billion people. There are much more cons to expand there than there would be in Saudi-Arabia. Also expanding in China would be very risky, since Jabwood International never did any type of business there before. Jabwood International has experience in Saudi-Arabia and they made about 50% of their sales when they did do business there, which justifies why they should return there. Action Steps Fayez Jabado should conduct a meeting with Imad and Mahmoud Jabado since they are familiar with the Saudi market and begin plans to expand out there as soon as possible. Adnan Jabado should be head leader or in charge of the operations in Saudi-Arabia since he has done so before. It only takes 5 days to start a business in the country so operations can began sooner than expected. Some issues that may arise are the high costs of tariffs and corporate tax rate. The Jabado brothers should divide the tasks among each other so the expansion can go as smoothly as possible.

Causes of the Little India Riots

Causes of the Little India Riots Introduction In December 2013, an alarming incident hit Singapore and shocked the entire world. Newspaper, reports on it spread across the globe. This incident is no other than the Little India’s Riot. The severity of this issue had sent different messages to the different communities in Singapore. For instance, the government realized the need to look into the issue of migrant workers, Singaporeans preconceived stereotype of these migrant workers worsen and migrant workers possibly losing a place where they can get to enjoy the sense homeliness that they missed dearly. Hence as a result of this highly discussed incident in Little India, I have decided to take a closer look at Little India and the tension that was built up among the residents and the migrant workers there. Prior to this incident, based on a research by T.C. Chang (2000), most of the initial displeasures came from the non-Indian community living in Little India. (Chang, 2000) However, the result of the riot had sparked off increasing concerns from the Indian residents as well. The riot did not occur due to the tension built up but it certainly did amplify the concerns residents have on the migrant workers and their existence. In this paper, we will look at the history of Little India and the present situation, followed by the reasons for the migrant workers’ gatherings and finally the cause of these tension built up to provide a better picture on how the co-presence of migrant workers and residents created tension. However, prior to that, I would like to introduce certain geog raphical terms that will be used throughout this paper which are mainly, space, place and identity. Space in geography is often used in doing spatial analysis. There are many definitions of space available in the different literatures. However, in the context of this paper, we will be looking at Cognitive Space. Cognitive Space is often used when space is shaped by human’s values and thinking. It is bounded by settings which comprises the identities and relations people have with it. Hence, neither space nor place can exist without one another. (Agnew, 2011; Furland, 2008; Mazà ºr Urbà ¡nek, 1983; Horodniceanu, n.d) According to Edward Relph’s book titled Place and Placelessness (1980), he defined place as â€Å"fusions of human and nature order and are the significant centers of our immediate experiences of the world†(p. 141). In order words, place is somewhere where an individual or group has a strong sense of attachment to, creating a sense of identity with the place. (Monnet, 2011; Hauge, 2007; Tuan, 2001; Seamon, 1996; Relph, 1980) In short, space, plac e and identity are often interlinked and one could not exist without another. Having said that, with a brief introduction to these key terms, we will move on to take a closer look at the issue mentioned. History of Little India Little India is not quite like how it is termed. It was never a designated ethnic enclave, dominated by one particular community, unlike Chinatown. However, under the development of Singapore and the cattle trading industry in the mid-1800s in Little India, it had attracted many Indian traders and laborers coming into Little India and eventually settling down there. The increasing growth of the Indian population during the 19th and 20th century led to the numerous cultural and religious landmarks such as Hindu temples that can still be observed today. By then, Little India was dominated by the Tamil-speaking south Indians. The commercial and retail activities catered specifically to this specific community grew rapidly. Even though it was predominantly occupied by the Indians, there were Chinese and Eurasians inhabitants as well. Hence, Little India is considered have a multi-ethnicity population and not just the Indian community. The diversity of population is showcased through the wide array of worship places in the area catering to the different communities and religions which can be found as architectural landmarks in Little India today. (Chang, 2000; URA, 1995; Wong, n.d) Present situation Fast forward to today’s context, it is undeniable there has been an increasing trend in the number of migrant workers coming into Singapore seeking for job opportunities. Based on the statistics obtained from the Ministry of Manpower Singapore, the number of work permits issued for the construction industry increased from 180,000 as of December 2007 to 306,500 in June 2013 (Ministry of Manpower, 2013). The number of foreign workers working in the construction industry had increased by close to 40% as of the figure in 2007. You might be wondering why the emphasis on migrant workers in the construction industry. This is because large percentage of them came from South Asian and shared a similar culture of the Indians. As such, Little India became a place where they gather during the weekends, converting public and private spaces in their own diaspora third spaces. (Yew, 2014) Their presence had also caused an undeniable change in the landscape of Little India. For instance, Beng ali is now the second mostly widely seen and spoken language in Little India. There are also increasing numbers of Bengali restaurants selling Bengali cuisines and even retail shops selling Bengali products set up along the streets of Little India. The characteristics of a street in South Asian can be seen transported into the streets of Little India, replacing many of Little India’s very own characteristics. (Yew, 2014) This process of place-making is also known as personalization. It refers to putting a distinctive mark on a place and it can be in the form of physical changes or attitudinal changes. In this case, we can see that the influence of these migrant workers had created both tangible and intangible forms of personalization on Little India. (Garcia, 2012) The touch of personalisation further entice them into visiting Little India as based on the article â€Å"Home away from Home† by The Straits Times (2013), Little India provides them with the sense of homeli ness, which they had left behind to seek job opportunities in Singapore. It is also estimated that the numbers of migrant workers going to Little India on Sundays can hit more than 30,000. Reasons This increasing trend had caused tension to build up between them and the residents creating an insider-outsider dichotomy in Little India. (Chang, 2000) An insider refers to someone that has a sense of social belonging and is adapted to fit the space while an outsider, is someone who does not feel belonged and feels culturally out of place. According the Edward Relph (1980), there are different forms of insideness and outsideness. In the context of Little India, the residents themselves take up the identity as existential insiders. It is only possible for people who live in that place and had developed a strong sense of belonging and identity with it. The migrant workers on the other hand are incidental outsiders whereby the place was just a setting where they have their activities at. (Relph, 1980) As a result of the co-existence of these two communities in one place, one as an insider and the other as an outsider, a dichotomy will follow because of the different importance the pla ce plays for them. Residents, as insiders, will value the place much more than the migrant workers as the place provides them with a sense of belonging, attachment and identity and played an important role in their daily lives as it is the place where they live and play. The migrant workers on the other hand may only refer Little India as a place for them to gather over the weekends as it provides them the sense of homeliness. (Chan et al., 2013) Therefore, because of different importance Little India plays for the different community, certain behaviors or actions carried out by the â€Å"outsiders† in it may be deemed as unacceptable by the â€Å"insiders†. The unacceptance of the actions hence creates a tension build up between the two. In addition, the sense of insideness and belonging the residents had of Little India also portrayed an implicit sense that they entitled more rights to the space compared to the â€Å"outsiders† and that these public spaces should not be â€Å"owned† by the â€Å"outsiders† during the weekends. However, no one actually legally owns these public spaces. (Yew, 2014) Hence, as a result of these prejudice ownership of rights of the residents and the tension built up overtime, these common spaces where these migrant workers tend to frequent in large numbers were constructed into social problems as their attempts in reclaiming of public spaces. (Yew, 2014; Chang, 2014; Berlenger et al. 2012; Garcia, 2012) The increasing trend of tension build up could be seen from the increasing numbers of reports on the complaints residents had lodged on the migrant workers because of their misconduct. Most of the residents interviewed voiced that the presence of these migrant workers was a major issue that should be looked at. Many complained of their rowdiness under void decks, loitering and even claimed to feel unsafe. This is especially so after the recent riot that occurred in Little India in December 2013. (Yahoo, 2013; Lee, 2013; Gan, 2011; Chang, 2014) However, I feel that besides the insider-outsider dichotomy inside Little India between the residents and migrant workers, the concept of â€Å"othering†, the marginalization of migrant workers in Singapore is highly applicable to the reason for tension build up as well. (Rubdy Mckay, 2013; Vincent et al., 2006) Migrant workers coming into Singapore has always been seen as an â€Å"other† on Singapore landscapes and were marginalized by society. The preconceived stereotype the general public had of the migrant workers often associate it with the 3’Ds which are dirty, difficult and dangerous. (Yew, 2014; Rubdy Mckay, 2013; Vincent et al., 2006) Hence, because of the jobs they are involved in, mostly construction, they are often seen as the â€Å"foreign, lowly and othered pariahs in society† (Rosanow, n.d). These perceptions could be due to the lack of exposure to these workers or even hearsay. Even though there were efforts made by the government, it is still not possible to erase the fundamental relationship between Singaporeans and the migrant workers that had built up for a long time. Hence, due to the preconceived stereotypes the general public had of migrant workers and the increasing numbers of migrant workers, it amplified the anxieties of alterity residents had of the migrant workers in Little India. This increasing sense of alterity is also one of the possible causes of insider-outsider dichotomy in the area, thus creating tension due to unacceptability. Hence, we can say that the issue of marginalization of foreign workers in general among Singaporeans had played a part in contributing to the formation of the insider-outsider dichotomy. Conclusion In conclusion, the increasing number of migrant workers coming into Singapore had created tension between the locals and them. Tension built up could be due to the preconceived idea people have of these workers and hence rejecting them placing their footsteps on Singapore’s landscape or becoming part of their â€Å"space†. This rejection can be seen through the insider-outsider dichotomy as mentioned above. These signs of tension between residents and migrant workers are not only observed in Little India. Places such as Lucky Plaza in Orchard Road and Golden Mile are areas that face similar issues like those in Little India where there is a constant build-up of tension because of the increasing number of migrant workers gathering in these areas. This tension will continue to grow if neither Singaporeans nor migrant workers are willing to change their mindsets. Singaporeans ought to keep an open mind about these migrant workers while the workers become more sensitive to their environment and the feelings of the residents. Singaporeans have to learn to appreciate their existence on Singapore landscapes, the role they play in our society and not judge them based on the work they are involved in. It is the only way to prevent continual build-up of tension as it is an undeniable fact that Singapore needs these workers to sustain its development. Bibliography Berlenger, H., Cameron, S., Mora, C. d. (2012). Place Identity and the experience of Public Space: Revitalisation. Restorativeness, and Transformation. In H. Casakin, F. Bernando, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments (pp. 47-91). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE: Bentham Science Publishers. Chang, R. (2014, January 26). Supper Club: Denise Phua: Put ourselves in Little India residents shoes, The Straits Times: SingaPolitics. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from: http://www.singapolitics.sg/supperclub/denise-phua-put-ourselves-little-india-residents-shoes Chang, R., Mokhtar, M., Yong, C. (2013, December 17). Little India Home Away From Home, The Straits Times. Retrieved from http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/case-you-missed-it/story/little-india-home-away-home-20131217 Chang, T. C. (2000). Singapores Little India: A Tourist Attraction as a Contested Landscape, Urban Studies. 37(2), 343-366. Furland, E. B. (2008). The effect of development in Little India and Chinatown, Singapore, from third to first world country. Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Department of Geography. Trondheim. Gan, L. K. (2011, June 20). The New Paper: Little India Residents Woes, AsiaOne News. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110620-285089.html. Garcia, J. H. (2012). Open Spaces in Informal Settlements in Bogota, Expressions of Attachment and Identity. In H. Casakin, F. Bernardo, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments (pp. 92-106). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE : Bentham Science Publishers . Hage, G. (2006). Insiders and Outsiders. Sociology: place, time and division. Hauge, A. L. (2007, March 1). Identity and place: a critical comparison of three, Architectural Science Review. 2-6. Horodniceanu, O. (n.d). Space, Place, Idenity, Geographical Approaches Lee, K. L. (2013, December 10). Safety of Little India’s residents can be improved, Today Online: Voices. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://www.todayonline.com/voices/safety-little-indias-residents-can-be-improved Mazà ºr, E., Urbà ¡nek, J. (1983). Space in Geography. GeoJournal, 7(2), 139-143. Ministry of Manpower. (2013, June). Foreign Workforce Numbers, Ministy of Manpower. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from: http://www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/others/statistics/Pages/ForeignWorkforceNumbers.aspx#sthash.vIDdObHR.dpbs Monnet, J. (2011). The symbolism of place: a geography of relationships between space, power and identity (Vols. (1278-3366)). Cybergeodo. Relph, E. (1980). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion Limited. Rosanow, G. A. (n.d). Home Away from Home Social Support Network for Migrant Workers , Kitakyushu Forum for Women. Rubdy, R., Mckay, S. L. (2013). Foreign Workers in Singapore: Conflicting discourses, language politics and the negotiation of immigrant identities. De Gruyter Mouton. Seamon, D. (1996). A Singular Impact: Edward Relphs Place and Placelessness. In Environmental and Architectural Phenomenology Newsletter (Vol. 7, pp. 5-8). Selten, M., Zandt, F. v. (2012, September 19). Space vs Place. Human Geography Knowledge Base Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://geography.ruhosting.nl/geography/index.php?title=Space_vs._place Tuan, Y.-F. (2001). Space and Place: The Perspective Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Urban Redevelopemnt Authority. (n.d). Conservation-Little India, Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from: http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/conservation/conservation-xml.aspx?id=LTIN Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1995). Little India- Historic District. Singapore. Vincent, J. A., Shiuan, O. S., Subto, S. F., Manhong, Y., Jing, Y. Y. (2008). The Attitudes of Tertiary Students toward Foreign Construction Workers. Ngee Ann Polytechnic. Wong, S. Y. (n.d). Not such a Little India, Reclaim Land. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from: http://reclaimland.sg/rl/?p=30 Yahoo News: Shopkeepers,residents,visitors responds to Little Indias riot. (2013, December 9). Retrieved from http://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-charge-24-indian-workers-rioting-044957734.html Yew, L. (2014). Asianism and the Politics of Regional Consciousness in Singapore. In L. Yew, Asianised Landscapes and the transculturation of Singapore (pp. 174-205). United States of America: Routledge.

Roanoke Island :: essays research papers

In 1584, explorers Phillip Amanda and Arthur Barlowe were the first people to set eyes on Roanoke Island. It is explained to be characterized by thick marshlands and stands of live oaks teeming with wildlife. The explorers were sent there by Sir Walter Raleigh. HE was a poet soldier and a statesman. The trip was for one specific reason, to search for an ideal location for settlement. The queen was very pleased about what was being done. She was so please that she granted Raleigh a patent for all the lands he could occupy. He called the new land Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen. Raleigh recruited 117 men and women for a permanent settlement. When the people had got there they discovered that the Roanoke Indians had killed 15 men. They were forced to stay. On August 18 1587 Eleanor Dare gave birth to a girl. She named her Virginia. She was the first child to be bore on the American soil. The new land needed supplies in order to stay alive so John White left for Brittan. Little did he know that he would never see his family again. He returned in two years eager to see his family back on the island but he never found anyone. He had only found a carving which read â€Å"craotok â€Å". That meant that they had gone 50 miles up Maine. There was a terrible storm and he was forced to go back to Brittan. The people of Roanoke were never found for they had mysteriously disappeared. Raleigh had given up hope for settlement, but in 1591 he had his hopes high again. He sent another expedition to America but it had failed. In 1595 he decided to go for himself. He ended up on Guiana instead of Virginia. 15 years later he tried once again and failed. He tried again in 1603. This time he sent Bartholomen Gilbert. He and his crew were killed by Indians. After that tragic incident. Raleigh could no longer try anymore, because later he was imprisoned by the new king, King James I. Roanoke Island :: essays research papers In 1584, explorers Phillip Amanda and Arthur Barlowe were the first people to set eyes on Roanoke Island. It is explained to be characterized by thick marshlands and stands of live oaks teeming with wildlife. The explorers were sent there by Sir Walter Raleigh. HE was a poet soldier and a statesman. The trip was for one specific reason, to search for an ideal location for settlement. The queen was very pleased about what was being done. She was so please that she granted Raleigh a patent for all the lands he could occupy. He called the new land Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen. Raleigh recruited 117 men and women for a permanent settlement. When the people had got there they discovered that the Roanoke Indians had killed 15 men. They were forced to stay. On August 18 1587 Eleanor Dare gave birth to a girl. She named her Virginia. She was the first child to be bore on the American soil. The new land needed supplies in order to stay alive so John White left for Brittan. Little did he know that he would never see his family again. He returned in two years eager to see his family back on the island but he never found anyone. He had only found a carving which read â€Å"craotok â€Å". That meant that they had gone 50 miles up Maine. There was a terrible storm and he was forced to go back to Brittan. The people of Roanoke were never found for they had mysteriously disappeared. Raleigh had given up hope for settlement, but in 1591 he had his hopes high again. He sent another expedition to America but it had failed. In 1595 he decided to go for himself. He ended up on Guiana instead of Virginia. 15 years later he tried once again and failed. He tried again in 1603. This time he sent Bartholomen Gilbert. He and his crew were killed by Indians. After that tragic incident. Raleigh could no longer try anymore, because later he was imprisoned by the new king, King James I.

Police Authority vs Individual Rights Essay -- Law Enforcement

It is easy for police to get caught up in the idea that it is them against the rest of society (Barkan, 2012). Many citizens in today’s democratic society have a negative or fearful view of our law enforcement. Think back to grade school, who was that one kid in class that everyone was annoyed by or despised? Most people would answer the teacher’s pet or the tattletale. We have grown up from a young age to have a negative view towards those that get us into trouble when we think we can get away with something we know is wrong. In the adult world, the police force can equate to those tattletales. The overall basis for a democratic society is freedom. We stress that freedom allows us to be individualistic. Herbert L. Packer, a law professor, charted out two ideas in our criminal justice system. The idea or crime control and due process are ideally two separate entities, but have been found in our criminal justice system to overlap (Barkan, 2012). Due to the fact that these two ideas overlap, causes tension within our democratic society. These ideas cause there to be a double edge sword. As stated in our textbook, â€Å"the more crime control we want, the less due process we have; the more due process we have, the less crime control we can expect.† (Barkan, 2012). Ideally, we would like to live in a society where everyone is treated equally regardless of race, gender, social class, etc. However, police have the difficult task of making sure arrests are made unbiased. While on the job, police must put all their personal opinions aside. They must provide everyone with an equal and fair chance. It is important in a democratic society for police to not know too much about the community they are policing. It allows them to ... ... a distinction between the two in a society where individual freedoms are so highly valued. Is that not what the framers of the Constitution based the future of our nation on? The real question is, how far are police allowed to go when the blurry line of individual freedoms and public safety is in question? Everyday our law enforcement is faced with the same task, to follow the law and enforce it, while allowing society to maintain their individual freedoms and liberties that this country is founded upon. Works Cited Barkan, Steven E. Criminology: A Sociological Understanding. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2012. Print. Crew, B. Keith. â€Å"Sex differences in criminal sentencing: Chivalry or patriarchy?† Justice Quarterly (Mar. 1991): n. pag. Print. Marx, Gary T. â€Å"Police & Democracy.† The Encyclopedia of Democracy. N.p., 1995. Web. 7 Dec. 2011.

Civil War Essay

The revived Ku Klux Klan was merely the most obvious and sinister symptom of general and widespread discrimination. The new Ku Klux Klan opposed many more groups than the blacks opposed by the first Ku Klux Klan. The first Ku Klux Klan group only discriminated against blacks and they weren’t known as the most discriminating group unlike the revived Ku Klux Klan. The revived group of the Ku Klux Klan not only discriminated African Americans, but Immigrants, Catholics, and Jews as well. Even though the revival of the KKK was short-lived, they caused a lot of damage. The Klan put their beliefs into the practice of terrorizing those people they disliked. The KKK group operated throughout the South during the Reconstruction era. The Ku Klux Klan’s long history of violence grew out of the resentment and hatred many white southerners felt in the aftermath of the Civil War. Blacks, having won the struggle for freedom from slavery, were now faced with a new struggle against widespread racism and the terrorism of the Klan. The Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans by putting fear into their lives. The Ku Klux Klan enjoyed terrorizing their homes, beatings, whippings, as well as lynching male members of the family and making the surviving members get them down. Many poor farmers and laborers thought that their wages would increase if they drove the Black people out of their state. Black people were a lot cheaper to employ as they were forced to work for lower wages than white people due to their skin color. They used to parade through the streets where black people lived carrying blazing torches and crosses. The massive immigration of Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe led to fears among protestants about the new people, and especially about job and social competition. Since the immigrants were competition to the members of the Ku Klux Klan they also terrorized them to scare them away. The message was very clear, the new Klan was going to mean business and that meant expanding its list of enemies. Tatiana Ortega Period:4 President Lyndon Johnson Lyndon B Johnson, our 36th president is well known as the â€Å"Great Man to Society†. Johnson was very considerate when it came to the fellow American people as well as the African Americans. President Lyndon Johnson was a great inspiration to the African Americans. During the 1960s when he took office, President Johnson was the most significant figure in securing civil rights for African Americans. President Johnson made a he impression in office his first couple of years. He obtained passage of one of the most extensive programs in the nation’s history â€Å"The Great Society† program became Johnson’s agenda for Congress. His mission was to aid education, attack on diseases, Medicare, and removal of obstacles to the right to vote. While Johnson was in office the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program. Lyndon signed the Civil Rights Act of 1960 as well as the Voters Act. When he left office peace talks were underway, he did not live to see them become successful, but unfortunately died. President Johnson was â€Å" The president who helped end hatred among his fellow men and who promoted love among all the of people of all races. † President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was the most comprehensive civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. President Johnson’s Great Society reforms lead to lasting changes in the society. Even though the Vietnam War sunk Johnson’s presidency, it didn’t effect him in the outrun. Till this day he is known as the greatest president of all time.

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

This chapter deals with the review of Literatures and Studies. It also presents the synthesis of the review and its relevance to the present study. Related Literature AMA student Kariz Reinalyn B. Galano (et. al. Don Ricardo C. Lazaro, Rozmaigne Ann L. Sebastian, Kevin Patrick E. Viesca) (2012) cited in their approved thesis proposal at present ACLC has three hundred sixty five students enrolled. The institution is currently using a manual system in their Library and has weak security. Students can borrow books but need to return it within 5 school days. There is no proper monitoring on books being returned. There are no penalties imposed to the students as well. The only way the librarian will find out if there are still pending books not returned is during the end of semester at the inventory period. The librarian then will not sign the clearance of the students who failed to return the books. Another problem is the list of inventory of books. The students need to go and ask for the librarian’s assistance in order for them to search for the books. Karen Foss (2010), Library Director of the Catawba County Library System in Newton, North Carolina has expressed that it is difficult to find materials to help new public library managers cultivate their professional development. Most of the research and writings on library management have focused on academic libraries and only recently has there been more interest in the administration of public libraries. The skill and style of public library managers – the directors, branch managers, and department and service managers who are leading these institutions – strongly affects the culture of a public library. Library staff looks to these managers to help them navigate through the rapid changes that are occurring in public libraries as these changes in technology, roles, and user expectations strongly alter their daily routines of public service. Contemporary library managers need a wider array of skills and attributes than their earlier and more traditional counterparts and will need to seek continual professional development to remain effective as public libraries transition into the twenty-first century. These managers will also need to distinguish between management and leadership skills and learn to identify and mentor leaders within their staff who can assist in the transition. According to Alvin javelosa (2011) library is a collection of books, resources, and services, and the structure in which it is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. The term â€Å"library† has itself acquired a secondary meaning: â€Å"a collection of useful material for common use,† and in this sense is used in fields such as computer science, mathematics, statistics, electronics and biology. this study will help the library personnel or the librarian in monitoring the books accurately. Further, the use of cataloguing will be made easier through an advance system provided by this study. The librarian is encountering problems in doing transactions like borrowing books, checking the availability of books, returning and accessioning of books because all the transactions are being done manually. The process is time consuming. This proposed system will provide their library a computerized system making it more organized and easy to access. The advantage of this study is to make their current system more effective and efficient. This computerized library system is a transaction processing system (TPS) that will provide a convenient cataloguing, inventory, monitoring, accessioning, borrowing, returning, security and retrieving of records. html) According to Mohd Fairuz Anwar Bin Mahadi (2005), The Library management system will store all the books and members information that consist book number, book title, author name and racks to the system database. The system also provides search function to help students find the book by number of book. Search functions will search through the books database to look for the book and view where the book is situated. For the administrator user, only librarians have access to view or edit data from the system databases. Administrator user will handle administrative functions such create new LMS user account and decide the number of days allowed for the borrowed books. User needs to enter correct password and user id before user can access this function. From here, user can add, delete or update the book and borrower database. (http://library. utem. edu. my/index2. php? option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=3761&Itemid=208) According to Donna M. Salinas (2010) Library is the best place in the school where the students review and study. It is the place where students study so our group aims to improve the manual operation of the library system. We thought of something that makes the time of students and library personnel decreases for searching and borrowing of books. (http://www. scribd. com/doc/56632694/library-system) Related Studies: According to Shelagh (2001) Fisher library management system is becoming marginalized in the context of ICT developments currently taking place within the library sector because suppliers have failed to keep up with such developments, or have been more concerned with keeping up with the changes in the core functions. The aim of this research, therefore, was to determine the feasibility of developing and disseminating a model system specification which could be used to assist and guide libraries in the procurement of library management systems. The premise was that if a core set of requirements for library management systems, as articulated by purchasing libraries, could be identified, it followed that it would be feasible to develop a model specification or ‘toolkit’ on which procuring libraries could draw. Identification of a potential core set of requirements could be identified primarily by undertaking analyses of  specifications produced by libraries for the tendering process in acquiring a library management system. Thus forty-one specifications were collected from libraries which had recently acquired a library management system, and these were subjected to various levels of analysis. The results are reported in Section 4. Secondly, it was decided that as library system suppliers were in receipt of large numbers of specifications produced by procuring library authorities they were in a strong position to comment on the feasibility, and desirability, of developing a model specification. Thus, a survey of UK system suppliers was undertaken to determine the collective view of suppliers on the role, content, quality and usefulness of the specification as a procurement tool. The results of the survey are reported in Section 5. A detailed account of the methods used in this Study is provided in Section 3. The next section (Section 2) provides a review of the literature on the role and content of specifications, and identifies weaknesses in approaches to producing specifications for the purchase of library systems. (et. al. Rachel Delbridge, Sian Lambert) (http://www. cerlim. ac. uk/projects/harmonise/harmonise. pdf). According to Veronica Adamson (2008) Changes in society and technology are impacting significantly on UK HE libraries and consequently on their management systems. Demographic changes, political and economic drivers are affecting university services and funding structures, and a ‘new realism’ of pragmatic economic and business considerations presides. (JISC & SCONUL LMS Study Report, March 2008) Library management systems have developed in response to technical advances and user requirements, mainly in developing electronic interfaces, refining standards and access protocols, purchasing and acquisition processes and cataloguing systems. Increasing globalization of goods, services and communities means that technical platforms are now developed on an international basis and implemented for a worldwide network of users and contributors. A new market for library services and information provision has emerged, with Google and Amazon as a de facto paradigm and metaphor for discovery and delivery. Perceptions of the role and function of the university library are changing, developing and often conflicting, particularly in relation to the provision for collection and circulation, resource discovery, ownership and control, personalization  and seamless access to resources. Enhancing usability and accessibility for an increasingly diverse user community is of increasing importance for libraries. Today’s library users expect speed and immediacy of information discovery, one-stop access to aggregated services, user-generated open content, and personalized, workflow-related delivery to the desktop. (et. al. Paul Bacsich, Ken Chad, David Kay, Jane Plenderleith) (http://www. jisc. ac. uk/media/documents/programmes/resourcediscovery/lmsstudy. pdf). According to Herrera C Rocio (1987) the work habits of users in any activity requiring information, the importance they attach to obtaining it and the facilities at their disposal, their knowledge of these facilities, their assessment of their value and the possibility of their obtaining what they are looking for are the factors that affect user behaviour in the quest for information. The behaviour of the users of university libraries specifically is affected, in addition to the above factors, by others directly related to the university environment, such as teaching methods and the type of education provided. The country’s education system is a teaching-learning process largly consisting in an essentially repetitive pattern in which the student consumes and reproduces the concepts transmitted by the teacher. This model is mainly based on the university lecture system, in which the teacher simply gives a course of study and provides the pupil with a brief bibliography consisting basically of texts. The result has been that education has not become a critical and creative process and library resources have accordingly been under-utilized. As regards the response to the information services provided by university libraries, it can be said that research workers do not use the services properly since the role of the library as an agent for the transfer of information has been disregarded in the research process, this type of user tending to acquire information through informal channels of communication, such as personal contacts with other colleagues. In its turn, the library has neglected its task as a constituent part of the research enterprise, forgetting that one of the priorities of the university, in addition to its teaching role, is that of research, which is the source of much knowledge of benefit not only to the university but also to the community in general. The university library should pay special attention to ascertaining not only the specific information needs of each type of user but also user behaviour patterns in the information retrieval process, in order that these needs may be met and the factors responsible for the non-use of the library restricted to a minimum. This will be achieved through an appropriate methodology for conducting user studies, which will then provide guidelines for the organization of user training or instruction courses aimed at the various groups. These courses will influence the future response of users to information services. Since user behaviour in the information retrieval process determines the level of library-user interaction, continual monitoring by the librarian of changes in that behaviour is necessary. These changes are dependent not only on information needs but also on the possible impact of the introduction of new services. This shows that, over and above the matter of training in the use of library resources, user behaviour presents a number of special features, largely reflecting the fact that the information needs of those concerned are not well defined and that their request for information are consequently vague and very general. It follows that library staff should bear in mind their active role in promoting and publicizing their services and resources since, despite the continual emphasis placed on the role of information in development, it has been shown that users tend to dispense with non-essential information, the usual practice being to rely on memory, to evade the problem or to solve it with vague or incomplete information. However, it should not be overlooked that there is another group of users who consult libraries actively and effectively in order to satisfy their information needs; although accessibility influences the use that they make of resources, the most important thing for this group is their confidence and faith in the information system. (c Loreto M. Libia and Rua R. Ivan) (http://www. unesco. org/webworld/ramp/html/r8722e/r8722e0l. htm) According Neelakdan,B (2010) a sincere attempt has been made towards finding out ways and means for automating activities in the School of Chemistry Library. The objective of this study is to use the Koha Open Source software system for the automation of the major day ­ to ­day activities of the various section of the School of Chemistry Library, which is tiresome and cumbersome. After the investigation, the researcher has found that Koha Software is more suitable for the library Automation. This project had the basic objective of designing a bibliographic database for the School of Chemistry library, with which the automation of circulation routines is carried out. From this point of view it may be concluded that Koha is a useful package for the creation of a database and for information retrieval. This set of Manuals for the automation of circulation section is tested with the database created from the collection of chemistry department library. A sample database for a few thousand works and a database of the users/borrowers are created. With that test sample the Manuals for each function of the circulation section is tested with the available computer system. Koha is an integrated software system with all the required models for small to very large libraries. It is found that this automation projects will serve as a model for any library. (http://www. ipublishing. co. in/jarvol1no12010/EIJAER1014. pdf) According to Dio P. Doble (2011) A college strengthens its educational level through the advancement of its library. The Botolan Community College Computerized Library System aimed to enhance the procedures of the library, from manually operated to a computerized system. This proposal’s purpose was to ease the transactions in the library, i,e. , leading of books, storing of books, search engine for books, manage members of the library and secure the library system. The librarian and the library users still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and returning of books. The librarian use log books in listing the books. They use library cards and card catalogues in searching for reading and reference materials. (http://www. scribd. com/doc/99431218/Computerized-Library-System).

Your Development as an Educator Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Your Development as an Educator - Essay Example This is arguably true because teaching nursing, for example involves teaching adults and this call for confidence. Deliberations here are that these students already have some knowledge on how to interpret and contemplate various concepts during the learning process. Therefore, it is paramount that teachers have confidence that would help them answer and respond to students questions especially during discussions. In another dimension, since teaching nursing involves teaching adults, it is necessary for teachers to be patient with them. Some students have other issues to attend to before they come to class, and this means that they might at times be late for lessons. Others may be preoccupied by other issues, something that may lead to slow learning and concentration. Therefore, it would be necessary for the teacher to learn how to adapt to their pace of learning as they continue to encourage and mentor them on how they can overcome such issues (Ironside, et al., 2005). In this regard, it is apparent that the teacher has to be dedicated in order to overcome such challenges. Although teaching nursing is a bit challenging, I have gained several insights that have helped me function more effectively as a nurse educator. Firstly, it is apparent that although being patient with students is one of the strategies of successful teaching, it is not as easy as it sounds. This means that one has to adjust his/her personality in order to be compatible with this strategy. In this regard, one would find it necessary to engage students in setting out learning goals, which would fuel their motivation hence facilitating learning. Conversely, when students perform well, it is for their own benefit and that of the nursing practice. In fact, nursing theory posits that nursing is a call that requires people to take care of others (Bonnel

Managerial Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Control - Essay Example The performance of every division is evaluated through its Return on Investment (ROI) (Jensen, and Meckling, 1976, 306) and this is the same with ACS as well. Millwall Company has been awarded the contract for a specific project. The project requires the component which is manufactured by Reading company. The Reading Company is operating less than full capacity. Millwall has requested to buy the component for his project from Reading. As there is no transfer pricing policy of ACS therefore Reading offered Millwall the component at regular price less selling and distribution expense. But this offer was not accepted by Millwall and it has proposed to pay Reading the price which was less than cost of the component. The corporate management of ACS has tried to negotiate between the two companies and offered Reading $10.12 for component. The figure was evaluated by the combination of standard full manufacturing cost plus 15 percent markup. However this suggestion was not accepted by both companies. Reading regularly sells the component at $13 to outsiders. However Millwall estimated the cost figure of the component at $7.60. Reading offered to supply that component to Miilwall at $11.20 which was extracted from regular price i.e. $13 less variable and distribution expenses i.e. $1.20. The figure shows that reading would have profit of $1.80 if it supplies the component to Millwall at $11.20. The acceptance of the Reading’s proposed price by Millwall might have positive effect on the attitude of Reading’s management toward intra-company business. Firstly, Reading’s proposed price would be accepted by one of the intra-company of Anderson Customized Security (ACS) as it is always better to sell goods to intracompany. Secondly, Reading can also have a profit of $1.80. Though this would be less profit as Reading could have earned more by selling the component to outsiders but the company has to play its part in supporting the other companies of the same